The cleanliness of the mouth is also very important. They should brush their teeth after every meal and see a dentist if needed.

The clothes should be comfortable and loose. The shoe should be comfortable, avoiding both excessively high heels as the background. Stockings and socks that produce local compression of the leg are not advisable, because they facilitate the appearance of varicose veins.

During pregnancy it is advisable to make a moderate exercise, walks, swimming, exercises learned in the courses of maternal education. Not recommended for sports such as skiing, horseback riding, motorcycling or those that produce fatigue.If the pregnancy proceeds normally no need to modify or discontinue sexual habits, provided it does not prove troublesome for pregnant women.

The trips generally are not contraindicated, nor air travel, but at the end of pregnancy should avoid long trips.

Work

The pregnant woman can continue to perform their usual work, provided that their job is not exposed to toxic substances, radiation, provided the necessary mobility and not have to carry heavy loads.

Maternal education courses

This activity is proposed for the couple to live actively and work in pregnancy and birth of his son. With the information given in the courses are trying to reduce the fear of childbirth. It teaches practical ways to relax and make proper breathing every moment of birth to help its evolution and reduce pain.

Drugs, alcohol, snuff and drugs

During pregnancy you should avoid alcohol, drugs, and snuff, which are harmful to pregnant women and especially for your child.

You should avoid taking any medications, unless they have been advised by your doctor.

credit to: Dra. Ana Palacios Marqués

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Meals should be moderate but frequent, five to six daily to help prevent drops in the levels of glucose, which is the main source of fetal energy.

The pregnant woman should reduce consumption of fats, sauces and foods high in salt and increasing consumption of fruits, vegetables, bread (ideally wholemeal), rice, pasta and legumes. You should also take about a quart of milk or its equivalent in yogurt or cheese, to meet calcium needs.If the habits of the pregnant woman are correct only recommended supplements:

- Folic acid, since pregnancy is planned until after the first quarter.

- Iron from the second half of pregnancy and appears to prevent anemia in pregnant women.

- Calcium, only if that does not meet the needs to diet.

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During pregnancy it is advisable to carry out a series of analytical tests to guide the health status of pregnant women: in principle, be carried out three full analysis of blood and urine, one in each quarter.

In the analysis of the first quarter will also include the determination of the Rh blood group of the mother and whether or not it has been exposed to a range of infectious diseases that could affect fetal development (antibodies to syphilis, rubella, toxoplasmosis, hepatitis and AIDS).

In the second analysis, which takes place between 24 th and 28 th weeks, it includes the so-called O’Sullivan test used to determine which women are at increased risk of gestational diabetes or blood sugar problems during pregnancy.Ultrasound Program

During a normal pregnancy is recommended holding three basic ultrasound:

First trimester ultrasound

Must be made between 8 th and 12 th weeks of pregnancy. Determine the number of embryos, their vitality and their size in order to establish the exact week of pregnancy. This ultrasound is also interesting to detect so-called “ultrasound markers” of chromosome abnormalities, of which the best known is the “nuchal translucency measurement” (measurement of thickness to the neck). When this measure is altered expressed greater risk that the fetus may present mongolism or Down syndrome. For more information, visit the article genetic amniocentesis.

Second trimester ultrasound

Be held between 18 th and 20 th weeks of pregnancy. Its aim is to diagnose anomalies or malformations of the fetal organs. Also be taken fetal measurements to verify if their growth is correct and assess the placenta, umbilical cord and amniotic fluid.

Third trimester ultrasound

Be held between 34 th and 36 th weeks of pregnancy. The purpose of this scan is to check whether fetal growth is appropriate. Also valued the inclusion of the placenta and amniotic fluid.

Tests for the detection of fetal anomalies

There will be a genetic amniocentesis to determine fetal karyotype (chromosome number) if:

- The age of the mother is greater than 35 years

- A previous child or parent is a carrier of an anomaly in their chromosomes.

- The triple test and nuchal translucency are altered.

The triple test is a blood test for pregnant women is performed at week 15 th – 16 th in determining a pregnancy hormone, whose disturbance is associated with an increased risk that the fetus had abnormalities of neural tube defects (spina bifida) or Down syndrome (mongolism).

The measurement of nuchal translucency, as mentioned above, ultrasound is performed in the first quarter.

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- The weight and size of the patient

- Taking blood pressure

- Auscultation of the heart and lungs

- Exploration of abdomen

- Gynaecological examination and breast.

In this first consultation, in addition, the doctor explained to the pregnant woman to explore and how often you should be subjected to during pregnancy. The doctor will also provide information on actions that promote health during pregnancy, later explained in this article.

It is also a good opportunity to expose the pregnant woman or the doctor the symptoms you are experiencing changes in their bodies, their doubts and fears against the development of pregnancy and childbirth.The frequency of consultation will be determined by the individual needs of each woman. Pregnant women need to go to these regularly scheduled visits, even if you are pregnant and develop normally.

Generally a woman with an uncomplicated pregnancy should go to the office at the following intervals:

- Until the 36th week of pregnancy, every 4-6 weeks

- From the 37th to the 40th week, every 2-3 weeks

- From the 40th week, 1 to 3 times per week.

It is advisable to a certain degree of flexibility. Women with medical problems or pregnancy may need closer monitoring, in this situation, the interval between visits is determined by the nature and severity of the problem.

In successive prenatal visits will provide information on the course of pregnancy and monitor your weight, blood pressure and the growth of the matrix.

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The consultation aims to prenatal health care for both the mother and her unborn child. There is no doubt that the frequency and quality of medical examinations are critical for the healthy infant and the mother stays healthy.

Objectives of antenatal

First, schedule a regular series of tests to be submitted to the pregnant woman (blood and urine tests, ultrasound, etc.). To prevent the occurrence of complications during pregnancy.

Second, recognize women who have a higher probability or risk of complications (eg diabetic women who have had multiple abortions, etc.), so poderles provide the most appropriate.And finally, perform educational activities that prepare the partner against pregnancy, birth and newborn care. It also requires special preparation, both physical and mental, of women before delivery.

Consultation Program

The initial consultation is the most important. Should be performed as early as possible, once the woman knows she is pregnant. If possible, this first consultation should take place before the first twelve weeks of pregnancy. It assesses the health status of women in order to establish the “degree of risk” involved in their pregnancy. For this, the doctor will take your medical history and clinical examination.

Medical record

Be evaluated:

- The existence of hereditary diseases in the family.

- Medical history: will investigate illnesses suffered and surgical interventions have been subjected to the pregnant woman.

- Reproductive history: number of previous pregnancies, deliveries, if you have had abortions, and so on.

- Age, employment and consumption of alcohol, snuff or drugs.

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by absolute or relative deficiency of insulin resulting in hyperglycemia. It has been considered a multifactorial disease which involves genetic, immunological and purchased.

The importance of the association between diabetes and pregnancy is the high maternal and perinatal risk involved. Before the discovery of insulin, maternal mortality ranged from 30 to 50% and perinatal mortality from 50 to 60%. Later, with the use of insulin, with the knowledge of the physiological changes of glucose metabolism during pregnancy and the introduction of improved techniques and equipment in the neonatal handling, maternal and perinatal prognosis has changed dramatically.
Thus, at present maternal death from diabetes is exceptional and decreased perinatal mortality ranges from 3 to 6%.

The association of diabetes and pregnancy has a frequency between 1 and 5%, varying in relation to the population
analyzed by geographic area and the diagnostic criteria used. This partnership can take two forms:
The National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) proposed a classification of diabetes mellitus based on etiologic factors, dependence on insulin and other clinical findings. This is classified into four categories: DM type I (insulin dependent), DM type II (insulin independent), DM type III (gestational diabetes) and DM type IV (secondary diabetes).

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There is no clear information regarding the amount of alcohol from which comes the risk of teratogenicity, therefore it is advisable to avoid eating because the characteristics of the syndrome have also been observed in children of mothers with moderate alcohol intake.

In turn caffeine crosses the placenta and although it is unclear the effect on the fetus, systematic studies have linked consumption of more than 150 mg daily with an increased risk of abortions and low birth weight. It is recommended therefore reduce their consumption during pregnancy to less than 200 mg daily. The caffeine content of approximately 100 cm3 is 43 mg for instant coffee, 29 mg in tea and cola 10 mg.

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Smoking snuff can cause cancer of the colon, rectum and ovary according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).

“New studies provide sufficient evidence to add the colon, rectum and ovary to the already long list of cancers caused by snuff”, the agency said in a report that corroborates and expands the most common causes of cancers.

He added that snuff could be one of the causes of breast cancer.

On the other hand, four recent studies corroborate that if one parent smoked before conception and during pregnancy the baby, there is “a significantly higher risk that the child suffers hepatoblastoma, a rare cancer that is believed to be of fetal origin .

Furthermore, an analysis of 11 studies suggested that the fact that one parent smoked before the conception of the baby may increase the risk of childhood leukemia suffering child.

In relation to smokeless snuff, the agency noted that “we already know that this product causes oral cancer and pancreatic cancer, but there is now sufficient evidence that it also causes cancer of the esophagus.”

However, he recalled that hundreds of thousands of people are consumers of smokeless snuff, especially in India, Southeast Asia, Sweden and the United States.

In the case of passive smoking, the IACR stated that there is new evidence linking smoke snuff with laryngeal cancer.

Although the consumption of snuff is the leading cause of cancer worldwide, the agency regretted that at present there are over one billion smokers around the world.

Another substance that is known to cause cancer is the betel mouth, which is commonly chewed in India and Southeast Asia.

However, the IARC said that there is sufficient evidence linking the consumption of this product with esophageal cancer and there are indications that could lead to liver cancer.

With regard to food, the agency noted that “salted fish from Chinese cuisine cause nasopharyngeal cancer and may also cause stomach cancer.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer noted that the composition of betel and snuff are highly addictive and lamented that “marketing and certain social factors influence young people to begin this addiction.”

“The choice to begin to consume these substances is often done in childhood and substance abuse require its continuation,” he said the IARC.

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1. Breastfeeding helps you lose, naturally, the accumulated excess kilos during pregnancy.
2. The more often you breast-feed the baby, the faster you empty the mammary gland and, consequently, produce less milk.
3. It is not advisable to drink too much water before feeding, because it can not produce milk and water in sufficient quantities to feed baby.
4. If a child is not gaining well, it is possible that his mother’s milk is of poor quality.
5. Breast-feeding beyond six months is a more affective than nutritional value.
6. It is best not to give too much time to nurse on one breast to avoid completely empty.
7. It is good to wait for the breasts to fully fill the baby.
8. A baby of two months requires approximately seven to eight feedings or feedings of breast milk at four months this number decreased to six shots, and only after that age need between four and five.
9. If a very small baby asleep for over three hours and does not claim food is good wake.
10. Some children may have allergies to milk.
11. It is not always necessary to use both breasts at each feeding or nursing.
12. Breastfeeding a child for a long time can cause obesity when he grows up.
13. It is important that the child gets used from newborn to breastfeed every 3 hours and keep that frequency.
14. Position the baby “belly to belly” or “tummy to tummy area helps prevent having cramps.
15. It’s bad diet to lose weight during lactation.

Answer 1:

TRUE. The purpose of the accumulation of fat during pregnancy, is precisely to form a reserve for the production of milk when the child is born. Therefore the more a woman breast feed your child more such reserves will be consumed and not need to do then any other diet to regain weight.

Answer 2:

FALSE. Milk production increases the more it stimulates, ie if a woman puts the baby to the breast more often, it sucks and stimulate milk letdown. The more frequently occurring this stimulus will produce more milk the mother. The production of milk has been shown to be related to the frequency of feedings. The amount of milk begins to decrease when the shots are rare or restricted.

Answer 3:

FALSE. Breast milk is composed of water as a main component, so it is very important that the mother is well hydrated. The nutritional composition of breast milk does not vary with the amount of water that the mother drinks. However, if you do not have enough fluid milk production decreases.

Answer 4:

FALSE. There is no low-quality milk. Scientific studies show that even malnourished women are able to produce milk of sufficient quality to meet the growth needs of the child (unless they were too severe malnutrition). In most cases, poor weight gain is due to low consumption of milk or an organic problem child. Insufficient consumption may be due to poor positioning, lack of family support, low production due to lack of stimulation or low fluid intake.

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